2. Getting In and Out of GDB

This chapter discusses how to start GDB, and how to get out of it. The essentials are:

• type `gdb' to start GDB.
• type quit or C-d to exit.

2.1 Invoking GDB		How to start GDB
2.2 Quitting GDB		How to quit GDB
2.3 Shell commands		How to use shell commands inside GDB

2.1 Invoking GDB

Invoke GDB by running the program gdb. Once started, GDB reads commands from the terminal until you tell it to exit.

You can also run gdb with a variety of arguments and options, to specify more of your debugging environment at the outset.

The command-line options described here are designed to cover a variety of situations; in some environments, some of these options may effectively be unavailable.

The most usual way to start GDB is with one argument, specifying an executable program:

gdb program

You can also start with both an executable program and a core file specified:

gdb program core

You can, instead, specify a process ID as a second argument, if you want to debug a running process:

gdb program 1234

would attach GDB to process 1234 (unless you also have a file named `1234'; GDB does check for a core file first).

Taking advantage of the second command-line argument requires a fairly complete operating system; when you use GDB as a remote debugger attached to a bare board, there may not be any notion of "process", and there is often no way to get a core dump. GDB will warn you if it is unable to attach or to read core dumps.

You can optionally have gdb pass any arguments after the executable file to the inferior using --args. This option stops option processing.

gdb --args gcc -O2 -c foo.c

This will cause gdb to debug gcc, and to set gcc's command-line arguments (see section 4.3 Your program's arguments) to `-O2 -c foo.c'.

You can run gdb without printing the front material, which describes GDB's non-warranty, by specifying -silent:

gdb -silent

You can further control how GDB starts up by using command-line options. GDB itself can remind you of the options available.

Type

gdb -help

to display all available options and briefly describe their use (`gdb -h' is a shorter equivalent).

All options and command line arguments you give are processed in sequential order. The order makes a difference when the `-x' option is used.

2.1.1 Choosing files
2.1.2 Choosing modes

2.1.1 Choosing files

When GDB starts, it reads any arguments other than options as specifying an executable file and core file (or process ID). This is the same as if the arguments were specified by the `-se' and `-c' (or `-p' options respectively. (GDB reads the first argument that does not have an associated option flag as equivalent to the `-se' option followed by that argument; and the second argument that does not have an associated option flag, if any, as equivalent to the `-c'/`-p' option followed by that argument.) If the second argument begins with a decimal digit, GDB will first attempt to attach to it as a process, and if that fails, attempt to open it as a corefile. If you have a corefile whose name begins with a digit, you can prevent GDB from treating it as a pid by prefixing it with `./', eg. `./12345'.

If GDB has not been configured to included core file support, such as for most embedded targets, then it will complain about a second argument and ignore it.

Many options have both long and short forms; both are shown in the following list. GDB also recognizes the long forms if you truncate them, so long as enough of the option is present to be unambiguous. (If you prefer, you can flag option arguments with `--' rather than `-', though we illustrate the more usual convention.)

-symbols file

-s file

Read symbol table from file file.

-exec file

-e file

Use file file as the executable file to execute when appropriate, and for examining pure data in conjunction with a core dump.

-se file

Read symbol table from file file and use it as the executable file.

-core file

-c file

Use file file as a core dump to examine.

-c number

-pid number

-p number

Connect to process ID number, as with the attach command. If there is no such process, GDB will attempt to open a core file named number.

-command file

-x file

Execute GDB commands from file file. See section Command files.

-directory directory

-d directory

Add directory to the path to search for source files.

-m

-mapped

Warning: this option depends on operating system facilities that are not supported on all systems.
If memory-mapped files are available on your system through the mmap system call, you can use this option to have GDB write the symbols from your program into a reusable file in the current directory. If the program you are debugging is called `/tmp/fred', the mapped symbol file is `/tmp/fred.syms'. Future GDB debugging sessions notice the presence of this file, and can quickly map in symbol information from it, rather than reading the symbol table from the executable program.

The `.syms' file is specific to the host machine where GDB is run. It holds an exact image of the internal GDB symbol table. It cannot be shared across multiple host platforms.

-r

-readnow

Read each symbol file's entire symbol table immediately, rather than the default, which is to read it incrementally as it is needed. This makes startup slower, but makes future operations faster.

You typically combine the -mapped and -readnow options in order to build a `.syms' file that contains complete symbol information. (See section Commands to specify files, for information on `.syms' files.) A simple GDB invocation to do nothing but build a `.syms' file for future use is:

gdb -batch -nx -mapped -readnow programname

2.1.2 Choosing modes

You can run GDB in various alternative modes--for example, in batch mode or quiet mode.

-nx

-n

Do not execute commands found in any initialization files. Normally, GDB executes the commands in these files after all the command options and arguments have been processed. See section Command files.

-quiet

-silent

-q

"Quiet". Do not print the introductory and copyright messages. These messages are also suppressed in batch mode.

-batch

Run in batch mode. Exit with status 0 after processing all the command files specified with `-x' (and all commands from initialization files, if not inhibited with `-n'). Exit with nonzero status if an error occurs in executing the GDB commands in the command files.

Batch mode may be useful for running GDB as a filter, for example to download and run a program on another computer; in order to make this more useful, the message

Program exited normally.

(which is ordinarily issued whenever a program running under GDB control terminates) is not issued when running in batch mode.

-nowindows

-nw

"No windows". If GDB comes with a graphical user interface (GUI) built in, then this option tells GDB to only use the command-line interface. If no GUI is available, this option has no effect.

-windows

-w

If GDB includes a GUI, then this option requires it to be used if possible.

-cd directory

Run GDB using directory as its working directory, instead of the current directory.

-fullname

-f

GNU Emacs sets this option when it runs GDB as a subprocess. It tells GDB to output the full file name and line number in a standard, recognizable fashion each time a stack frame is displayed (which includes each time your program stops). This recognizable format looks like two `\032' characters, followed by the file name, line number and character position separated by colons, and a newline. The Emacs-to-GDB interface program uses the two `\032' characters as a signal to display the source code for the frame.

-epoch

The Epoch Emacs-GDB interface sets this option when it runs GDB as a subprocess. It tells GDB to modify its print routines so as to allow Epoch to display values of expressions in a separate window.

-annotate level

This option sets the annotation level inside GDB. Its effect is identical to using `set annotate level' (see section 22. GDB Annotations). Annotation level controls how much information does GDB print together with its prompt, values of expressions, source lines, and other types of output. Level 0 is the normal, level 1 is for use when GDB is run as a subprocess of GNU Emacs, level 2 is the maximum annotation suitable for programs that control GDB.

-async

Use the asynchronous event loop for the command-line interface. GDB processes all events, such as user keyboard input, via a special event loop. This allows GDB to accept and process user commands in parallel with the debugged process being run(1), so you don't need to wait for control to return to GDB before you type the next command. (Note: as of version 5.1, the target side of the asynchronous operation is not yet in place, so `-async' does not work fully yet.)

When the standard input is connected to a terminal device, GDB uses the asynchronous event loop by default, unless disabled by the `-noasync' option.

-noasync

Disable the asynchronous event loop for the command-line interface.

--args

Change interpretation of command line so that arguments following the executable file are passed as command line arguments to the inferior. This option stops option processing.

-baud bps

-b bps

Set the line speed (baud rate or bits per second) of any serial interface used by GDB for remote debugging.

-tty device

-t device

Run using device for your program's standard input and output.

-tui

Activate the Terminal User Interface when starting. The Terminal User Interface manages several text windows on the terminal, showing source, assembly, registers and GDB command outputs (see section GDB Text User Interface). Do not use this option if you run GDB from Emacs (see section Using GDB under GNU Emacs).

-interpreter interp

Use the interpreter interp for interface with the controlling program or device. This option is meant to be set by programs which communicate with GDB using it as a back end.

`--interpreter=mi' (or `--interpreter=mi1') causes GDB to use the gdb/mi interface (see section The GDB/MI Interface). The older GDB/MI interface, included in GDB version 5.0 can be selected with `--interpreter=mi0'.

-write

Open the executable and core files for both reading and writing. This is equivalent to the `set write on' command inside GDB (see section 13.6 Patching programs).

-statistics

This option causes GDB to print statistics about time and memory usage after it completes each command and returns to the prompt.

-version

This option causes GDB to print its version number and no-warranty blurb, and exit.

2.2 Quitting GDB

quit [expression]

q

To exit GDB, use the quit command (abbreviated q), or type an end-of-file character (usually C-d). If you do not supply expression, GDB will terminate normally; otherwise it will terminate using the result of expression as the error code.

An interrupt (often C-c) does not exit from GDB, but rather terminates the action of any GDB command that is in progress and returns to GDB command level. It is safe to type the interrupt character at any time because GDB does not allow it to take effect until a time when it is safe.

If you have been using GDB to control an attached process or device, you can release it with the detach command (see section Debugging an already-running process).

2.3 Shell commands

If you need to execute occasional shell commands during your debugging session, there is no need to leave or suspend GDB; you can just use the shell command.

shell command string

Invoke a standard shell to execute command string. If it exists, the environment variable SHELL determines which shell to run. Otherwise GDB uses the default shell (`/bin/sh' on Unix systems, `COMMAND.COM' on MS-DOS, etc.).

The utility make is often needed in development environments. You do not have to use the shell command for this purpose in GDB:

make make-args

Execute the make program with the specified arguments. This is equivalent to `shell make make-args'.